Peripheral neuropathy results from dysfunction of nerves that carry information to and from the brain and spinal cord. This produces pain, loss of sensation, and/or muscle weakness depending on the type of neuropathy.

There are numerous reasons for nerves to malfunction. In some cases, no cause can be identified.

Peripheral neuropathy is very common. Because there are numerous types and causes of neuropathy and scientists don’t always agree on the same definition of neuropathy, the exact incidence cannot be determined precisely.

Peripheral neuropathy may involve damage to a single nerve (mononeuropathy) or may affect multiple nerves (polyneuropathy).

A detailed history will be needed to determine the cause of the neuropathy. Neurological examination may reveal abnormalities of movement, sensation, or organ function.Changes in reflexes and muscle bulk may also be present.

Tests that reveal neuropathy may include:

• EMG (a recording of electrical activity in muscles)
• Nerve conduction tests
• Nerve or skin biopsy
• Genetic testing
• Blood tests to screen for medical conditions, such as diabetes and vitamin deficiency, and several others.

The first steps of treatment are to identify and treat the underlying medical problem (such as diabetes) or remove the cause (such as alcohol). Other goals include controlling symptoms, curing the disorder if possible, and helping each patient gain maximum independence and self-care ability.